Unbounded or very deep recursion. Each call adds a frame to the call stack without popping one, until the engine's maximum stack size is exceeded and a RangeError is thrown.

Always include a base case that stops the recursion. For deep recursion that cannot be bounded, convert to an iterative loop or use a trampoline to run recursive steps without growing the stack.

It varies by engine and environment, typically 10,000-20,000 frames in browsers and Node.js. Do not write code that depends on a specific limit.